Extreme heat is the leading cause of weather-related deaths in the United States—more than wildfires, hurricanes, floods, tornados, or rip currents.

And it’s warming up in the Sunshine State. According to the Florida Climate Center at Florida State University, “extreme heat days, defined as days at or above 95°F, are projected to rise in Florida”—with the East Coast projected to experience up to 30 more extreme heat days per year, compared to averages from 1991 to 2020. Like the average temperature, heat-related mortalities have risen dramatically across the U.S. “Each summer, we experience a spike in heat-related emergencies, especially in South Florida,” observes Dr. Ilya Aylyarov, medical director of the Jupiter Medical Center Petrocelli Emergency Center.

Caused by a combination of factors, such as high temperatures, humidity, poor air quality, and physical activity, heat exposure occurs “when the body can’t do its job of regulating internal temperature, losing salt and moisture and resulting in increased heart activity,” Aylyarov explains. “The body no longer sweats properly.” As a result, it can no longer cool itself efficiently.

Who is at a higher risk for heat exposure? Seniors over the age of 65; infants and children; pregnant women; people with chronic medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and asthma; those who work and exercise outdoors; and disadvantaged and incarcerated individuals.

And, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “Some medications interfere with thermoregulation and/or fluid balance, amplifying the risk of harm from hot weather (e.g., diuretics, some antipsychotic medications, some antidepressants, some antihypertensive agents). “Even though certain populations are at higher risk, it can happen to anyone,” says Aylyarov.

The CDC also notes that heat “can degrade or damage some medications,” such as inhalers, EpiPens, and insulin. Some antifungals and antibiotics can increase skin sensitivity.

TYPES OF EXPOSURE & TREATMENT

Heat exposure consists of three types:

Heat cramps: The mildest form consisting of painful spasms; a rapid pulse; and flushed, moist skin, with unusually heavy sweating

Heat exhaustion: Heat cramps symptoms plus fever; stomach upset; headache; fatigue; anxiety; and dizziness

Heat stroke: The most serious exposure, which can result in collapse; coma; or organ failure.

Heat stroke “has extremely high mortality,” Aylyarov warns. “The patient needs immediate medical attention and immersion in an ice bath, as the body temperature may rise to over 104°F. Damage to organs can be irreversible.”

The earlier the treatment, the less chance for a downward spiral. Act the moment you feel the symptoms of heat cramps. “Immediately stop what you’re doing and move to a cooler place, preferably with air conditioning,” Aylyarov advises.

Other measures include:

• Applying a cold cloth or compress, especially in the armpits or groin area
• Gently stretching cramped muscles
• Removal of excess clothing
• Fanning the skin
• Hydration with water or a sports drink

“If the person doesn’t improve, call 911 or take them to the nearest emergency room,” says Aylyarov. “Heat stroke can sneak up on you.”

PREVENTION

“Heat-related emergencies are avoidable,” Aylyarov says. “If you understand the science, you can stay safe.” Take these steps if you are exposed to heat for prolonged periods:

• Wear light-colored, lightweight clothing, and a wide-brimmed hat.
• Apply sunscreen with a minimum of 30 SPF.
• Stay hydrated and drink fluids even if you don't feel thirsty. Avoid sugary beverages, caffeine, and alcohol.
• Take periodic breaks in the shade.
• Never leave children or pets in a parked car.
• Check weather reports and humidity/air quality indices and stay inside if necessary.
• Check on family, friends, neighbors, and pets.
• Chill out indoors.
• Review your prescriptions with your primary care physician to determine if you need to modify outdoor activities or take other measures during sweltering heat waves.